Watermarks on British Stamps

Watermarks on British stamps hold a fascinating key to the history of philately, security printing, and the evolution of the postal system. These intricate designs, often hidden within the paper itself, were introduced as an anti-counterfeiting measure but have since become a defining feature for collectors and historians alike. From the early issues of Queen Victoria to the more modern pre-decimal series, watermarks tell a story of technological advancement, economic shifts, and even political change.

Identifying and understanding them requires both skill and patience, yet they can reveal hidden rarities and unexpected discoveries. This article explores the development of watermarks in Great Britain’s stamps, their types and significance, and the best methods for detecting them. Whether you’re a seasoned philatelist or a curious beginner, uncovering the secrets of these subtle imprints opens up a new dimension of stamp collecting.

1. Small Crown watermark


The Small Crown watermark was introduced on British stamps during the reign of Queen Victoria and was used primarily between 1855 and 1867. It features a simple yet elegant crown design, smaller than the later Large Crownwatermark, and was often paired with other elements such as stars. This watermark appeared on stamps printed on white or blued paper, making detection slightly challenging, especially on heavily inked issues.

Collectors identify it using backlighting or watermark detection fluid, as the imprint can sometimes be faint or partially obscured by the stamp’s design. Variations in orientation or clarity of the Small Crown watermark can significantly affect a stamp’s classification and value.

Stamp with this watermark: Great Britain, Queen Victoria, Penny red 1p stamp, Scott #3, 1855. Queen Victoria reigned over Great Britain during the 19th century, overseeing vast imperial expansion and significant industrial progress. The Penny Red stamp, issued in 1855 and cataloged as Scott #3, replaced the Penny Black as the standard British postage, featuring a portrait of the young queen.

2. Block “V R” watermark


The Block “V R” watermark was one of the earliest watermarks used on British stamps, appearing on the 1847–1854 embossed issues featuring Queen Victoria. The letters “V R” (Victoria Regina) were arranged in a repeated block pattern across the stamp sheets, serving as a security feature. This watermark was primarily used on high-denomination stamps, such as the 10d and 1s embossed issues, making them particularly valuable to collectors.

Due to the embossing and thick paper used for these stamps, detecting the watermark can be challenging, often requiring watermark fluid or careful backlighting. Stamps bearing the Block “V R” watermark are highly sought after, especially when found with sharp impressions and well-centered designs.


Stamp with this watermark: Great Britain, Queen Victoria, Penny black 1p stamp, Scott #1, 1840. Great Britain revolutionized postal history by issuing the Penny Black, the world’s first adhesive postage stamp, featuring a profile of Queen Victoria. This iconic stamp simplified mail delivery and set the standard for modern postal systems worldwide.

3. Large Crown watermark


The Large Crown watermark was introduced in 1855 and used on British stamps until around 1867, replacing the earlier Small Crown design. It features a more prominent and detailed crown, making it easier to identify compared to its predecessor. This watermark appeared on various surface-printed stamps of Queen Victoria’s reign, often in combination with different paper types and colors.

Detecting the Large Crown watermark is relatively straightforward using backlighting or watermark fluid, though ink-heavy stamps may require more careful inspection. Collectors value stamps with this watermark, especially when variations such as inverted, reversed, or misplaced watermarks occur.

Stamp with this watermark: Great Britain, Queen Victoria, 2p blue stamp, Scott #29, 1858. This stamp features a portrait of Queen Victoria with thick white lines above and below her image. It includes engraved plate numbers (7, 8, 9, or 12) and was part of the line-engraved series, designed to improve security and prevent forgery.

4. Small Garter watermark


The Small Garter watermark was used on British stamps between 1855 and 1862, primarily on surface-printed issues of Queen Victoria. It features a delicate garter design, significantly smaller than the later Large Garter watermark, and was intended as a security measure. This watermark can sometimes be difficult to detect due to the thickness of the paper and the complexity of the stamp designs.

Collectors often use watermark fluid or backlighting to reveal the pattern, as it may appear faint on well-used stamps. Variations such as inverted or reversed watermarks can make certain issues rarer and more valuable in the philatelic market.

Stamp with this watermark: Great Britain, Queen Victoria, 4p rose stamp, Scott #24, 1855. It was printed on blued paper and features a profile of the monarch facing left.This early surface-printed stamp is notable for its carmine shade and intricate engraving, making it a prized collectible among philatelists.

5. Medium Garter watermark


The Medium Garter watermark was used on British stamps between 1862 and 1863, following the Small Garterdesign. It features a slightly larger and more defined garter emblem, making it more visible compared to its predecessor. This watermark appeared on certain surface-printed issues of Queen Victoria, particularly on stamps printed on thin, white wove paper.

Detection is best done using watermark fluid or backlighting, as the garter pattern can sometimes be faint due to ink coverage. While not as common as other watermarks, variations such as inverted or misplaced watermarks can significantly increase a stamp’s rarity and value.

Stamp with this watermark: Great Britain, Queen Victoria, 4d pale carmine on thin white paper stamp, Scott #25, 1856. This stamp is known for its delicate color variation and medium garter watermark, making it a distinct issue among early surface-printed British stamps.

6. Large Garter watermark


The Large Garter watermark was introduced on British stamps in 1863 and was used for a short period, replacing the earlier Medium Garter design. It features a more prominent and well-defined garter emblem, making it easier to distinguish than its predecessors. This watermark appeared on surface-printed stamps of Queen Victoria, particularly on higher-denomination issues. Detection is relatively straightforward using watermark fluid or backlighting, but some stamps with heavy ink coverage may require extra care. Collectors seek out variations such as inverted, reversed, or misplaced watermarks, which can add significant value to these historical stamps.

Stamp with this watermark: Great Britain, Queen Victoria, 4d vermilion stamp, Scott #43, 1863. This stamp features Queen Victoria’s left-facing profile and was printed using the surface printing method. Recognized for its vibrant vermilion hue and medium garter watermark, this stamp is a notable example of mid-19th-century British philately.

7. Heraldic Emblems watermark


The Emblems watermark was introduced on British stamps in 1867 and remained in use until 1880, primarily on surface-printed issues of Queen Victoria. It features a design incorporating multiple national symbols, including the rose, shamrock, and thistle, representing England, Ireland, and Scotland. This intricate watermark can sometimes be difficult to detect due to the complexity of the stamp designs and the thickness of the paper.

Collectors use watermark fluid or backlighting to reveal the pattern, ensuring accurate identification. Certain variations, such as inverted or misplaced watermarks, can make these stamps particularly valuable in the philatelic market.

Stamp with this watermark: Great Britain, Queen Victoria, 6d deep lilac stamp, Scott #69, 1856. This stamp features Queen Victoria’s left-facing profile and was printed on white paper with a heraldic emblems watermark. This surface-printed stamp is known for its rich lilac shade and was primarily used for overseas mail, making it a key issue in British postal history.

8. ‘Halfpenny’ in Script watermark

The ‘Halfpenny’ Script watermark was introduced on British stamps in 1891, specifically designed for the halfpennyand penny values of the Queen Victoria surface-printed series. This watermark features the word “HALF PENNY” in a flowing script, which was intended to deter counterfeiting. It is primarily found on the 1891 halfpenny stamp printed in a distinctive green color.

Detecting the Halfpenny Script watermark can be challenging due to the intricate design, often requiring the use of watermark fluid or backlighting for clarity. Stamps with this watermark, particularly those showing variations or errors, are sought after by collectors for their historical significance and rarity.

Stamp with this watermark: Great Britain, King Edward VII, halfpence, pale green stamp, Scott #128, 1902. This stamp debuted shortly after Edward VII's coronation, paying the printed paper rate. Its pale green color followed Victorian precedents (e.g., the ½d greens of Queen Victoria).

9. Spray of Rose watermark


The Spray of Rose watermark was introduced on British stamps in 1902, marking a significant design change during the reign of King Edward VII. This watermark features a delicate floral motif, depicting a stylized rose spray, which adds an artistic element to the stamp’s paper. It was primarily used on various values of the Edwardian issue, making it an essential part of early 20th-century British philately.

Detecting the Spray of Rose watermark can be accomplished through backlighting or watermark fluid, though its subtle design may require careful observation. Stamps bearing this watermark, especially those with rare variations, are highly prized by collectors for their aesthetic appeal and historical context.

Stamp with this watermark: Great Britain, Queen Victoria, 6d lilac stamp, Scott #50, 1867. This stamp features the profile of the Queen in an elegant engraved design. Part of the Surface Printed series, this postal item was widely used for international mail and is a sought-after collectible among philatelists.

10. Maltese Cross watermark

The Maltese Cross watermark was introduced on British stamps in 1911 and was used primarily on the King George Vissues. This watermark features a distinctive design of a Maltese cross, which serves as a security measure and adds a unique aesthetic to the stamp. It was applied to various denominations and is particularly notable for its use on both the 1d and 2d stamps of the era. Detecting the Maltese Cross watermark can be achieved using backlighting or watermark fluid, as the intricate pattern may be difficult to discern on certain papers.

Collectors highly value stamps with this watermark, especially those displaying unique variations or errors, which can significantly enhance their rarity and market appeal.

Stamp with this watermark: Great Britain, Queen Victoria, 5s pale rose stamp, Scott 57a 1867. This stamp features a finely engraved profile of the monarch. Printed using the Surface Printed method, this high-denomination postal item was primarily used for heavy parcels and overseas mail, making it a prized item for collectors.

11. Large Anchor watermark

The Large Anchor watermark is a prominent design found on British paper, primarily used in the 19th century. This watermark features a large anchor, symbolizing hope and steadfastness, which was commonly associated with maritime themes during the era. The anchor is often surrounded by a circle or other decorative elements, enhancing its visual appeal and complexity. It is typically seen on various postal stationery and revenue stamps, making it a sought-after feature among collectors and philatelists.

The Large Anchor watermark is significant for its historical context, reflecting the maritime heritage of Britain and its influence on paper production practices.

Stamp with this watermark: Great Britain, Queen Victoria, 5s rose on white paper stamp, 1882, Scott #90a. This postal item was issued in 1882 during the reign of Queen Victoria, replacing the earlier version printed on blued paper. This high-value stamp, printed by De La Rue, was used for heavy postal rates and is highly sought after by collectors due to its distinctive color and rarity.

12. Small Anchor watermark

The Small Anchor watermark is a smaller version of the well-known Large Anchor design, used primarily on British paper in the 19th century. This watermark features a diminutive anchor, symbolizing stability and connection to maritime activities. Unlike its larger counterpart, the Small Anchor watermark often appears in a simpler form, making it less intricate but still visually appealing. It is commonly found on various types of postal stationery and revenue stamps, attracting the interest of collectors due to its historical significance.

The Small Anchor watermark reflects Britain’s rich maritime heritage and the role of water transport in its economic and cultural development.


Stamp with this watermark: Great Britain, Queen Victoria, 2 1/2d pale rose stamp, Scott #82, 1881. The stamp features Queen Victoria and was issued as part of the uniform postal rate system. It is distinguished by its delicate rose color, imperial crown watermark, and was printed using plate numbers 22 and 23.

13. Orb watermark

The Orb British watermark is a distinctive design used on British paper, particularly during the 19th century. This watermark features an orb, often depicted as a globe or a sphere, symbolizing the British Empire’s vast reach and influence across the world. The Orb is usually accompanied by a cross on top, representing the intertwining of religion and state during that period. Found on various postal stationery and revenue stamps, the Orb watermark is highly valued by collectors for its historical significance and aesthetic appeal.

The design reflects the grandeur and aspirations of the British Empire, serving as a reminder of its extensive maritime and colonial legacy.

Stamp with this watermark: Great Britain, Queen Victoria, Inland Revenue, 1p lilac stamp, Scott #88, 1881. These stamps are also known as "penny lilac". They were in use until 1901 and were printed in vast quantities, with nearly 34 billion copies issued.

14. Imperial Crown watermark

The Imperial Crown watermark was commonly used on postage stamps and official documents of the British Empire, symbolizing royal authority. It features a stylized crown design embedded in the paper to prevent counterfeiting. This watermark appeared on various stamp issues, including the Victorian and Edwardian eras, and was often accompanied by other security features.

Collectors value stamps with clear, well-centered Imperial Crown watermarks, as they can affect rarity and pricing. Some variations exist due to different printing techniques, leading to sought-after errors and misplacements in philately.

Stamp with this watermark: Great Britain, Queen Victoria, 3d rose stamp, Scott #83, 1881. It was issued as part of the Unified Issue printed by De La Rue. Featuring a delicate rose hue and the queen’s profile, this stamp was widely used for domestic and some international mail, making it a notable piece in Victorian philately.

15. Crown and GvR watermark

The Simple Cypher watermark features a monogram design composed of interwoven letters, typically “GvR” (George V Rex) or “E8R” (Edward VIII Rex), representing the reigning monarch. It was used on British postage stamps and official papers to deter forgery and ensure authenticity. This watermark is often found on stamps from the early 20th century, particularly during the reigns of King George V and King Edward VIII.

Variations in the watermark’s positioning or clarity can significantly impact a stamp’s value among collectors. Some rare errors, such as inverted or sideways Simple Cypher watermarks, are highly sought after in philately.

Stamp with this watermark: Great Britain, King George V, halpenny, green stamp, Scott #159, 1913. This stamp features a finely detailed left-facing portrait of the king. Printed using typography, it has a Crown GvR watermark and was widely used for postal correspondence during the early 20th century.

16. Crown and GvR Multiple watermark

The Multiple Cypher watermark consists of repeated monograms, typically featuring the intertwined letters “GvR” (George V Rex), covering the entire sheet of stamp paper. It was introduced during the reign of King George V and was used primarily between 1912 and 1924 on British postage stamps. This watermark provided enhanced security against forgery by making it more difficult to duplicate or alter stamps.

Collectors often seek variations, such as inverted, sideways, or misplaced Multiple Cypher watermarks, which can increase a stamp’s rarity and value. Due to its widespread use, identifying genuine examples with well-defined watermarks is crucial for philatelists.

Stamp with this watermark: Great Britain, King George V, 1 penny, red stamp, Scott #158, 1913. This stamp features a profile of King George V and is part of the iconic "Penny Red" series. This definitive issue was widely used for postage and remains a classic collectible for philatelists.

17. Crown and GvR Single watermark

The Single Cypher watermark features a single monogram, usually “GvR” (George V Rex), representing King George V. It was used on British postage stamps between 1912 and 1924, primarily on lower-denomination issues. Unlike the Multiple Cypher watermark, which repeats across the sheet, the Single Cypher appears only once per stamp.

Variations such as inverted or sideways placements of the watermark are of particular interest to collectors. This watermark is an important identifier in philately, helping distinguish between different printings and issues of the era.

Stamp with this watermark: Great Britain, King George V, "Britannia rules the waves" (Seahorses), 2sh 6p brown stamp, Scott #308, 1913. This stamp is admired for its intricate engraving and maritime symbolism. The stamp was primarily used for heavy parcels, registered mail, or tax payments rather than everyday postage, making used examples rare and valuable.

18. Crown and Block GvR Multiple watermark

The Block Cypher British watermark features a bold, squared monogram design with the letters “GvR” (George V Rex) arranged in a structured, block-like style. It was introduced in 1924 and used on British postage stamps until 1934, replacing the earlier Multiple Cypher watermark. This design provided enhanced security against forgery while maintaining a clear and recognizable royal insignia.

Philatelists closely examine Block Cypher watermarks for variations such as inverted or sideways placements, which can add to a stamp’s rarity and value. Stamps with this watermark are commonly found on issues from the later years of King George V’s reign.

Stamp with this watermark: Great Britain, King George V, Silver Jubilee, 3 halfpence red stamp, Scott #224, 1935. Unlike the lavish celebrations for Queen Victoria’s Jubilees, George V initially resisted a commemorative issue, but public demand led to this minimalist set of just two stamps (½d and 1d). The ½d red paid the printed paper rate, while the 1d covered standard letters.

19. Large Crown and GvR Single watermark

The Large Single Cypher watermark features a prominent monogram with the letters “GvR” (George V Rex) in a larger size compared to earlier watermarks. Introduced during the reign of King George V, it was used primarily on British postage stamps in the 1920s and 1930s. This watermark was designed to enhance security by making it more difficult to forge stamps, while also providing a distinctive visual element.

Collectors are particularly interested in variations, such as inverted or sideways placements of the watermark, which can increase a stamp’s rarity and value. The Large Single Cypher watermark remains an important identifier for philatelists, reflecting the era’s design and security advancements.

Stamp with this watermark: Great Britain, King George V, 9 pence, black and brown stamp, Scott #304, 1913. While most stamps in this series are monochrome, the 9d exists in both black & brown and slate & violet shades—later printings (1919–22) switched to the latter due to ink shortages post-WWI, making the original 1913 black & brown more sought after.

20. Crown and E8R Multiple watermark

The Block E8R British watermark features a bold, squared monogram with the letters “E8R,” representing King Edward VIII. It was briefly used in 1936 on some British postage stamps and official documents before Edward VIII’s abdication. Due to the short reign of Edward VIII, stamps with this watermark are relatively rare and highly sought after by collectors.

Variations such as inverted or sideways placements of the watermark can further increase a stamp’s value. This watermark is an important identifier for distinguishing genuine Edward VIII-era stamps from later issues.

Stamp with this watermark: Great Britain, King Edward VIII, 1 penny, red stamp, Scott #206, 1936. Edward VIII’s reign lasted only 326 days (January–December 1936), so stamps bearing his portrait are scarce. The 1d red was part of a definitive series hurriedly issued before his abdication.

21. Crwon and GviR Multiple watermark

The Block GviR watermark features a squared monogram with the letters “GviR,” representing King George VI (George VI Rex). It was introduced in 1937 and used on British postage stamps until the mid-1950s, primarily to enhance security and deter counterfeiting. This watermark is characterized by its bold design, covering the stamp paper in a block pattern.

Philatelists often seek out variations, such as inverted or misplaced watermarks, which can significantly increase a stamp’s rarity and value. The Block GviR watermark serves as an important identifier for collectors of George VI-era stamps, marking a distinctive period in British postal history.

Stamp with this watermark: Great Britain, King George VI and Queen Elizabeth stamp, 1 1/2 pence, purple brown stamp, Scott #320, 1937. Part of the 1937 Coronation Series, it celebrated George VI’s ascension after Edward VIII’s abdication. The dual portrait (by Edmund Dulac) was groundbreaking—the first British stamp to feature a reigning monarch alongside his consort.

22. Crown and GviR Single watermark

The Single GviR British watermark features a solitary monogram with the letters “GviR,” representing King George VI (George VI Rex). It was used on British postage stamps issued during his reign, starting in 1937. Unlike the Block GviR watermark, which appears repeatedly, the Single GviR is placed once per stamp. Variations such as inverted or sideways placements of the watermark are highly sought after by collectors. This watermark helps philatelists authenticate stamps from the George VI era and distinguish them from later issues.

Stamp with this watermark: King George VI and Royal Arms, 5shillings, dull red stamp, Scott #326, 1939. This stamp was primarily used for heavy parcels, registered mail, or fiscal purposes—not everyday postage. Its large size and detailed engraving made it one of the most imposing British stamps of its era.

23. Tudor Crown and E2R Multiple watermark
The Tudor Crown British watermark features a stylized representation of the Tudor Crown, a symbol of the British monarchy. It was used on British postage stamps during the reign of King George VI, from 1937 until 1951. This watermark was designed to enhance security and prevent counterfeiting, making it an important feature for philatelists.

Collectors often examine Tudor Crown watermarks for variations, such as inverted or sideways placements, which can affect a stamp’s rarity and value. The Tudor Crown design was later replaced by the St. Edward’s Crown watermark during Queen Elizabeth II’s reign.

Stamp with this watermark: Queen Elisabeth II, Windsor castle, 1 pound, intense black stamp, Scott #350, 1955. This was Britain’s first £1 denomination stamp intended for general postal use (though mainly for heavy parcels or fiscal purposes). Its imposing design showcased Windsor Castle, symbolizing royal heritage.

24. St. Edward’s Crown and E2R Multiple watermark

The St. Edward’s Crown British watermark features the design of St. Edward’s Crown, the official coronation crown of British monarchs. It was introduced in 1955 on British postage stamps during the reign of Queen Elizabeth II, replacing the earlier Tudor Crown watermark. This watermark served as a security feature to prevent forgery and ensure the authenticity of stamps.

Collectors carefully examine St. Edward’s Crown watermarks for variations such as inverted, sideways, or misplaced impressions, which can affect a stamp’s rarity and value. The use of this watermark continued for several decades, marking an important era in British philately.

Stamp with this watermark: Great Britain, Queen Elisabeth II, dark brown 11d stamp, Scott #331, 1955. Following the decimalization of British currency, Great Britain issued new definitive stamps featuring Queen Elizabeth II, including a dark brown 26p denomination. Part of the Machin series, this stamp displayed the iconic sculpted profile of the queen by Arnold Machin, which became a hallmark of British philately.

25. St. Edward's Crown Multiple watermark

The Multiple Crowns watermark features a series of stylized crowns arranged in a repeated pattern across the paper. It was introduced in the late 20th century as a security measure for British postage stamps, primarily during the reign of Queen Elizabeth II. This watermark enhances the visual appeal of the stamps while also serving to prevent counterfeiting.

Collectors often seek out variations, such as different crown placements or impressions, which can increase a stamp’s rarity and desirability. The Multiple Crowns watermark represents a modern evolution in stamp design and security features in British philately.

Stamp with this watermark: Queen Elisabeth II, Postage Revenue,  2 1/2 d, red stamp, Scott #R1, 1954. Part of the Postage & Revenue series, it could be used for either postage or fiscal documents. This stamp was only in use until 1971, when Britain decimalized its currency, making it a nostalgic piece of pre-decimal philately.

26."50" watermark

The “50” British watermark features the numeral “50,” signifying the value of the stamp or its denomination. This watermark was introduced in 2000 to commemorate the 50th anniversary of Queen Elizabeth II’s accession to the throne. It serves both as a security feature and a design element, helping to prevent forgery and ensure authenticity.

Collectors often look for variations in the watermark’s placement and clarity, which can impact the value of the stamp. The “50” watermark reflects a contemporary approach to stamp design while celebrating a significant milestone in British history.

Stamp with this watermark: Great Britain, Reign of Queen Elisabeth II, 50th anniversary, 2nd class, silver and black stamp, Scott #2079, 1952. This stamp was part of a four-stamp set (1st, 2nd, E, and 1st Large) featuring a sleek silver-and-black profile of the Queen against a contemporary dotted background—a departure from traditional portraits.

This article was published on March 28, 2025 
Last updated on April 7, 2025